Paciente varón de tres años con sibilancias y tos crónica / Three-Year-Old Male with Wheezing and Chronic Cough

Se presenta el caso de un niño de 3 años con diagnóstico de asma, rinitis alérgica, características craneofaciales dismórficas e infecciones respiratorias altas y bajas recurrentes, manejado como asma desde un inicio. Como parte del estudio de comorbilidades, se decide realizar una prueba del sudor que sale en rango intermedio y más tarde se encuentra una mutación, donde se obtiene un resultado positivo para una copia que se asocia a fibrosis quística. Se revisará el caso, así como el diagnóstico, clínica y tratamiento del síndrome metabólico relacionado con el regulador de conductancia transmembrana de fibrosis quística (CRMS).

We present the case of a 3-year-old boy with a diagnosis of asthma, allergic rhinitis, dysmorphic craniofacial characteristics and recurrent upper and lower respiratory infections, managed as asthma from the beginning. As part of the study of comorbidi-ties, it was decided to carry out a sweat test that came out in the intermediate range and later one mutation was found, where a positive result was obtained for a copy that is associated with cystic fibrosis. The case will be reviewed, as well as the diagnosis, symptoms and treatment of the metabolic syndrome related to the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator (CRMS).

O uso de métodos contraceptivos hormonais em pacientes com asma: repercussões clínicas / The use of hormonal contraceptives methods in patients with asthma: clinical repercussions

Objetivo: Analisar o uso dos contraceptivos hormonais em mulheres com asma e a escolha desses métodos contraceptivos para essa população, com avaliação de eventuais repercussões sobre novos episódios de asma e sibilos. Métodos: Foram selecionados estudos longitudinais, ensaios clínicos, revisões sistemáticas e metanálises. As plataformas consultadas foram PubMed, Embase, Cochrane e SciELO, com a utilização dos descritores: "contracepção", "contracepção hormonal", "sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel" e "asma". Resultados: Dois grandes estudos demonstraram que o uso de contraceptivos hormonais esteve associado à redução do risco de novos episódios de asma. Uma revisão sistemática concluiu que os resultados para o uso de contraceptivos hormonais para mulheres com asma foram mistos, com aumento ou redução dos seguintes riscos: novo episódio de asma e aumento da frequência das crises e dos sibilos. O uso da contracepção hormonal em pacientes obesas portadoras de asma é controverso. Conclusão: Os resultados para o uso de contraceptivos hormonais em mulheres com asma são inconsistentes, com relatos de aumento ou de redução do risco de novos episódios. O uso do método contraceptivo deve ser discutido individualmente, levando-se em consideração outros fatores de risco associados e o desejo da mulher. A paciente deverá ser orientada se houver piora dos sintomas clínicos de asma na vigência do uso de qualquer método contraceptivo hormonal.

Objective: To analyze the use of hormonal contraceptives in women with asthma and the choice of this contraceptive method for this population, evaluating possible repercussions on new episodes of asthma and wheezing. Methods: Longitudinal studies, clinical trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses were selected. Platforms consulted: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, SciELO, using the descriptors: "contraception", "hormonal contraception", "levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system" and "asthma". Results: Two large studies demonstrated that the use of hormonal contraceptives was associated with a reduced risk of new episodes of asthma. A systematic review concluded that the results for the use of hormonal contraceptives for women with asthma were mixed, with increased or decrease in the following risks: new asthma episodes, increased frequency and wheezing. The use of hormonal contraception in obese patients with asthma is controversial. Conclusion: The results for the use of hormonal contraceptives in women with asthma are inconsistent, with reports of increased or reduced risk of new episodes. The use of the contraceptive method should be discussed individually, taking into account other associated risk factors and the woman's desire. The patient will be advised if there is a worsening of the clinical symptoms of asthma while using any hormonal contraceptive method.

Caracterización clinicoepidemiológica de niños con sibilancia recurrente / Clinical epidemiological characterization of children with recurrent wheezing

Introducción: Las sibilancias recurrentes en lactantes y preescolares son motivo frecuente de consulta en pediatría. Objetivo: Caracterizar a niños con sibilancia recurrente desde los puntos de vista clínico y epidemiológico. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación observacional, longitudinal y prospectiva de 140 niños con sibilancia recurrente, atendidos en el Servicio de Respiratorio del Hospital Infantil Docente Sur Dr. Antonio María Béguez César de Santiago de Cuba, desde de enero de 2016 hasta diciembre de 2018. Resultados: Predominaron el sexo masculino (57,1 %), los pacientes de procedencia urbana (62,1 %) y el área de salud 28 de septiembre como la de mayor incidencia (42,7 %). El promedio de edad fue de 1 año y 5 meses, aproximadamente. Los niños incluidos en el intervalo de 6 a 11 meses y 29 días fueron los más afectados (28,6 %). Entre los municipios, Guamá aportó el mayor número de casos (33,9 %). No existió asociación estadística entre el índice predictivo de asma y el sexo; sin embargo, resultó mayor entre los varones (19,3 %). Conclusiones: Las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes con sibilancia recurrente de esta casuística no difieren del contexto epidemiológico mundial, siendo una entidad de observación frecuente en los servicios de pediatría.

Introduction: The recurrent wheezing in infants and preschool children are frequent reason of visit in pediatrics. Objective: To characterize children with recurrent wheezing from the clinical and epidemiologic points of view. Methods: An observational, longitudinal and prospective investigation of 140 children with recurrent wheezing, assisted in the Respiratory Service of Dr. Antonio María Béguez Cesar Southern Teaching Children Hospital was carried out in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 2016 to December, 2018. Results: There was a prevalence of the male sex (57.1 %), the patients of urban origin (62.1 %) and 28 de Septiembre health area as that of more incidence (42.7 %). The average age was of 1 year and 5 months, approximately. The children included in the interval from 6 to 11 months and 29 days were the most affected (28.6 %). Among the municipalities, Guamá contributed the higher number of cases (33.9 %). There was no statistical association between the prediction index of asthma and the sex; however, it was higher among males (19.3 %). Conclusions: The clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of the patients with recurrent wheezing of this case material don't differ from the world epidemiologic context, being an entity of frequent observation in the pediatrics services.

Factors associated with recurrent wheezing in the first year of life among premature newborns from Neonatal Intensive Care Units / Fatores associados à sibilância recorrente no primeiro ano de vida entre recémnascidos prematuros provenientes de Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatais

Abstract Objectives: to determine the prevalence and factors associated with recurrent wheezing in the first year of life among premature newborns from Neonatal Intensive Care Units, in the city of Montes Claros, northern Minas Gerais. Methods: cross-sectional study, with data collection from medical records of a follow-up clinic, interviews with mothers and, eventually, search in hospital records. Bivariate analyzes were carried out between sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and recurrent wheezing. Variables associated up to the level of 20% were analyzed by binary logistic regression, and associations defined by the Odds Ratio and respective 95% confidence intervals. Only variables associated with a 5% significance level were maintained in the final model of logistic regression. Results: among 277 infants studied, about one fifth (21.3%) were extremely low birth weight preterm and more than half (60.7%) had birth weight below 1500 grams. The prevalence of recurrent wheezing was 14.4% (CI95% = 10.3-18.4). Mechanical ventilation (OR = 2.12; CI95% = 1.09-4.76; p = 0.030) and oxygen therapy time ≥ 15 days (OR = 2.49; CI95%= 1.12-5.00; p = 0.010) were the risk factors for the event. Conclusions: there is a high prevalence of recurrent wheezing in the evaluated group and the associated variables reiterate the risk of prolonged oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation for premature newborns.

Resumo Objetivos: determinar a prevalência e fatores associados à sibilância recorrente no primeiro ano de vida entre recém-nascidos prematuros egressos de Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatais, na cidade de Montes Claros, norte de Minas Gerais. Métodos: estudo transversal, com coleta de dados em prontuários de ambulatório de seguimento, entrevistas com mães e, eventualmente, consultas aos prontuários hospitalares. Foram realizadas análises bivariadas entre as características sociodemográficas e clínicas e a sibilância recorrente. As variáveis associadas ao desfecho até um nível de significância de p ≤20% foram analisadas por regressão logística binária e as associações definidas pelas Odds Ratios e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. Somente variáveis associadas a um nível de significância de 5% foram mantidas no modelo final de regressão logística. Resultados: entre 277 crianças estudadas, cerca de um quinto (21,3%) eram prematuros de extremo baixo peso e mais da metade (60,7%) tinha peso de nascimento abaixo de 1500 gramas. A prevalência de sibilância recorrente foi de 14,4% (IC95%=10,3-18,4). Ventilação mecânica (OR=2,12; IC95%= 1,09-4,76; p=0,030) e tempo de oxigenioterapia ≥15 dias (OR=2,49; IC95%=1,12-5,00; p=0,010) foram os fatores de risco para o evento. Conclusão: existe uma elevada prevalência de sibilância recorrente no grupo avaliado e as variáveis associadas reiteram o risco do uso prolongado de oxigenioterapia e da ventilação mecânica para recém-nascidos prematuros.

Research Progress of Breath Sound Analysis in Children with Bronchial Asthma / 中国医学科学院学报

Bronchial asthma is a common chronic respiratory disease,and its diagnosis is mainly based on symptoms,signs,and pulmonary function test.Wheezing is a major symptom of asthma attack,which shows no obvious sign in the early stage while appears after the disease has progressed.Therefore,bronchial asthma is difficult to be detected in early stages,which often leads to worsening of the disease conditions.Pulmonary function test can effectively monitor upper and lower airway abnormalities and is currently the main means for monitoring asthma.However,its accuracy is highly dependent on patient's motivation and cooperation,which obviously limits the scope of application,especially for preschoolers and infants.Hence,there is an urgent need for a new technology with the function of long-term breath sound monitoring and automatic breathing detection to overcome the existing clinical deficiencies.Breath sound analysis emerges in the era of medical artificial intelligence,which can digitally process and convert the collected respiratory sounds by using a variety of different methods to form characteristic signal parameters and model the relationship between parameters and diseases.As we know,breath sounds are closely related to airway changes,and thus the detection and analysis of the sounds can provide reliable clinical information for the progress and control evaluation of asthma.This review mainly summaries the research progress of respiratory sound analysis in recent years,hoping to provide reference for further research.

El niño con estridor persistente / The child with persistent stridor

El estridor es un ruido respiratorio anormal generado por obstrucción o colapso de la vía aérea laringotraqueal, de manera aguda o de evolución crónica. Existen distintas causas tanto congénitas como adquiridas capaces de producir dificultad respiratoria, que puede llegar a ser grave y con potencial riesgo vital. El diagnóstico clínico del paciente con estridor persistente debe ser complementado con un estudio endoscópico de la vía aérea y en ocasiones con imágenes, para intentar determinar el o los sitios comprometidos y posibles malformaciones asociadas. La indicación de tratamiento debe ser individualizada, considerando el estado general del paciente, las etiologías responsables, el im pacto sobre la respiración y la deglución, el pronóstico y la capacidad técnica del equipo tratante, entre otras. Las alternativas pueden incluir observación, medidas no farmacológicas, medicamentos locales o sistémicos, procedimientos endoscópicos, cirugías abiertas, o bien la instalación de una traqueostomía de manera temporal o como manejo definitivo. El objetivo de esta revisión es entregar un adecuado conocimiento de la fisiopatología y la etiopatogenia del estridor pediátrico persistente, fundamental para el correcto manejo de estos pacientes complejos, que debiera realizarse idealmente en un contexto multidisciplinario.

Stridor is an abnormal respiratory sound caused by obstruction or collapse of the laryngotracheal airway, either acutely or chronically. There are different causes, both congenital and acquired, that can produce shortness of breath which may be severe and potentially life-threatening. The clini cal diagnosis must be complemented with an endoscopic airway assessment and sometimes with imaging, to try to determine the areas involved and possible associated malformations. Treatment should be individualized, considering the patient's overall condition, stridor etiology, its impact on breathing and swallowing, prognosis, and technical capacity of the managing team, among others. Alternatives may include observation, non-pharmacological measures, local or systemic medications, endoscopic and open surgeries, or a temporary or long-term tracheostomy. A thorough understan ding of the pathophysiology and etiopathogenesis of persistent pediatric stridor is essential for the correct management of these complex patients, ideally in a multidisciplinary manner.

La auscultación pulmonar en el siglo 21 / Lung auscultation in the 21th century

La auscultación pulmonar es parte fundamental del examen físico para el diagnóstico de las enfermedades respiratorias. La estandarización que ha alcanzado la nomenclatura de los ruidos respiratorios, sumado a los avances en el análisis computacional de los mismos, han permitido mejorar la utilidad de esta técnica. Sin embargo, el rendimiento de la auscultación pulmonar ha sido cuestionado por tener una concordancia variable entre profesionales de la salud. Aun cuando la incorporación de nuevas herramientas diagnósticas de imágenes y función pulmonar han revolucionado la precisión diagnóstica en enfermedades respiratorias, no existe tecnología que permita reemplazar la técnica de auscultación pulmonar para guiar el proceso diagnóstico. Por una parte, la auscultación pulmonar permite seleccionar a aquellos pacientes que se beneficiarán de una determinada técnica diagnóstica, se puede repetir cuantas veces sea necesario para tomar decisiones clínicas, y frecuentemente permite prescindir de exámenes adicionales que no siempre son fáciles de realizar o no se encuentran disponibles. En esta revisión se presenta el estado actual de la técnica de auscultación pulmonar y su rendimiento objetivo basado en la nomenclatura actual aceptada para los ruidos respiratorios, además de resumir la evidencia principal de estudios de concordancia de auscultación pediátrica y su análisis objetivo a través de nueva tecnología computacional.

Lung auscultation is an essential part of the physical examination for diagnosing respiratory diseases. The terminology standardization for lung sounds, in addition to advances in their analysis through new technologies, have improved the use of this technique. However, traditional auscultation has been questioned due to the limited concordance among health professionals. Despite the revolu tionary use of new diagnostic tools of imaging and lung function tests allowing diagnostic accuracy in respiratory diseases, no technology can replace lung auscultation to guide the diagnostic process. Lung auscultation allows identifying those patients who may benefit from a specific test. Moreover, this technique can be performed many times to make clinical decisions, and often with no need for- complicated and sometimes unavailable tests. This review describes the current state-of-the-art of lung auscultation and its efficacy based on the current respiratory sound terminology. In addition, it describes the main evidence on respiratory sound concordance studies among health professionals and its objective analysis through new technology.

Body mass index, asthma, and respiratory symptoms: a population-based study / Índice de massa corpórea, asma e sintomas respiratórios: um estudo de base populacional

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and asthma, according to body mass index (BMI), as well as to evaluate factors associated with physician-diagnosed asthma, in individuals ≥ 40 years of age. Methods: This was a population-based cross-sectional study conducted in Florianópolis, Brazil, with probability sampling. Data were collected during home visits. Demographic data were collected, as were reports of physician-diagnosed asthma, respiratory symptoms, medications in use, and comorbidities. Anthropometric measurements were taken. Individuals also underwent spirometry before and after bronchodilator administration. Individuals were categorized as being of normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2), overweight (25 kg/m2 ≥ BMI < 30 kg/m2), or obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). Results: A total of 1,026 individuals were evaluated, 274 (26.7%) were of normal weight, 436 (42.5%) were overweight, and 316 (30.8%) were obese. The prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma was 11.0%. The prevalence of obesity was higher in women (p = 0.03), as it was in respondents with ≤ 4 years of schooling (p < 0.001) or a family income of 3-10 times the national minimum wage. Physician-diagnosed asthma was more common among obese individuals than among those who were overweight and those of normal weight (16.1%, 9.9%, and 8.0%, respectively; p = 0.04), as were dyspnea (35.5%, 22.5%, and 17.9%, respectively; p < 0.001) and wheezing in the last year (25.6%, 11.9%, and 14.6%, respectively; p < 0.001). These results were independent of patient smoking status. In addition, obese individuals were three times more likely to report physician-diagnosed asthma than were those of normal weight (p = 0.005). Conclusions: A report of physician-diagnosed asthma showed a significant association with being ≥ 40 years of age and with having a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. Being obese tripled the chance of physician-diagnosed asthma.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de sintomas respiratórios e asma de acordo com o índice de massa corpórea (IMC) em indivíduos com idade ≥ 40 anos e avaliar os fatores associados ao relato de diagnóstico médico de asma. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional realizado no município de Florianópolis (SC), com coleta domiciliar de dados e processo de amostragem probabilístico. Foram coletadas informações demográficas, assim como sobre relato de diagnóstico médico de asma, sintomas respiratórios, medicações em uso e comorbidades. Também foram realizadas medidas antropométricas e espirometria pré- e pós-broncodilatador. O IMC foi categorizado em normal (IMC < 25 kg/m2), sobrepeso (25 kg/m2 ≥ IMC < 30 kg/m2) e obesidade (IMC ≥ 30 kg/m2). Resultados: Foram avaliados 1.026 indivíduos, 274 (26,7%) com IMC normal, 436 (42,5%) com sobrepeso e 316 (30,8%) obesos. A prevalência de diagnóstico médico de asma foi de 11,0%. A prevalência de obesidade foi maior em mulheres (p = 0,03) e em entrevistados com escolaridade < 4 anos (p < 0,001) ou com renda familiar entre 3-10 salários mínimos. Obesos, quando comparados com aqueles com sobrepeso e peso normal, relataram mais frequentemente diagnóstico médico de asma (16,1%, 9,9% e 8,0%, respectivamente; p = 0,04), dispneia (35,5%, 22,5% e 17,9%, respectivamente; p < 0,001) e sibilos no último ano (25,6%, 11,9% e 14,6%, respectivamente; p < 0,001). Esses resultados foram independentes do status tabágico. Além disso, obesos tinham uma chance três vezes maior de relato de diagnóstico médico de asma do que não obesos (p = 0,005). Conclusões: Houve associação significativa entre o relato de diagnóstico médico de asma em indivíduos com idade ≥ 40 anos e IMC ≥ 30 kg/m2. Ser obeso triplicou a chance de diagnóstico médico de asma.

Caracterización de una cohorte durante cinco años después de un episodio de bronquiolitis que requiere hospitalización en una clínica de tercer nivel de Bogotá, Colombia / Characterization of a cohort five years after an episode of bronchiolitis that required hospitalization in a third level clinic of Bogotá, Colombia

Introducción. La Bronquiolitis secundaria al Virus Sincitial Respiratorio, se han asociado con episodios sibilantes recurrentes y desarrollo de asma, incluso en la adultez. Sin embargo, la relación entre estas patologías es controvertida, y aun no se conoce el comportamiento de este fenómeno en Colombia. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la evolución clínica a cinco años, de los niños con antecedente de bronquiolitis que requirieron hospitalización Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo de cohorte retrospectiva de menores de dos años, con diagnóstico de Bronquiolitis atendidos en la Clínica Universitaria Colombia en los años 2008 a 2011 con seguimiento de hospitalizaciones por patologías respiratorias hasta el año 2016. Se revisaron 306 historias clínicas de pacientes y se analizaron características socio- demográficas, aislamientos virales y manejo farmacológico. Resultados. Los años con mayor número de hospitalizaciones por episodios sibilantes posterior al episodio bronquiolitis fueron el 2009 y 2011 con una incidencia acumulada de 15,6% y 9,9%. La edad promedio de hospitalización fue 6 meses y más frecuente en hombres. El virus sincital fue aislado con mayor frecuencia en los años de seguimiento, y la mayoría de los casos requirió manejo antibiótico; la ampicilina sulbactam (28,5%) y la ampicilina (22,6%).

Introduction. Bronchiolitis secondary to Respiratory Syncytial Virus, have been associated with recurrent wheezing episodes and development of asthma, even in adulthood. However, the relationship between these pathologies is controversial, and the behavior of this phenomenon in Colombia is not yet known. The aim of this study was to describe the five-year clinical course of children with a history of bronchiolitis who required hospitalization Materials and methods. Descriptive study of a retrospective cohort of children under two years of age, with a diagnosis of Bronchiolitis attended at the University Clinic Colombia in the years 2008 to 2011 with follow-up of hospitalizations for respiratory pathologies up to 2016. 306 patient clinical histories were reviewed and characteristics were analyzed. socio-demographic, viral isolates and pharmacological management. Results. The years with the highest number of hospitalizations for wheezing episodes after the bronchiolitis episode were 2009 and 2011 with an accumulated incidence of 15.6% and 9.9%. The average age of hospitalization was 6 months and more frequent in men. The syncytial virus was isolated more frequently in the years of follow-up, and most of the cases required antibiotic management; ampicillin sulbactam (28.5%) and ampicillin (22.6%).

Broncodilatadores en pacientes con bronquiolitis / Bronchodilators for bronchiolitis

La bronquiolitis es una infección respiratoria aguda baja de causa viral, de aparición invernal, que es común en bebés de 0a 12 meses de edad. Conduce a que las vías respiratorias pequeñas se inflamen y se llenen de desechos, obstruyéndose.El bebé tiene una tos fuerte, secreción nasal, generalmente fiebre y puede presentar sibilancias dificultad respiratoria ydesaturación de oxígeno. Tras la presentación de un caso en la guardia se generó una controversia científica sobre lautilidad de los broncodilatadores en pacientes con bronquiolitis. Luego de realizar una búsqueda bibliográfica y seleccionarla evidencia más reciente y de mejor calidad, se concluye que la evidencia no apoya el uso de broncodilatadores enpacientes con bronquiolitis.(AU)

Bronchiolitis is a low acute respiratory lower respiratory tract infection of viral origin, winter appearance, which is commonin babies from 0 to 12 months of age. It causes the small airways in the lungs to become inflamed and fill with debris. Theinfant has a harsh cough, runny nose, usually fever and may have wheezing, respiratory distress and oxygen desaturation.After the presentation of a case in the emergency department, a scientific controversy was generated about the usefulnessof bronchodilators in patients with bronchiolitis. After conducting a literature search and selecting the most recent and bestquality evidence, it is concluded that evidence does not support the use of bronchodilators in patients with bronchioliTIS.(AU)

Estridor persistente / Persistent stridor

Stridor is a musical, often high-pitched sound produced by a rapid, turbulent flow of air through a narrowed segment of the large airways. The cause of stridor can be located anywhere in the extrathoracic airway (nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea) or the intrathoracic airway (tracheobronchial tree). Stridor may be acute (caused by inflammation/infection or foreign body inhalation) or chronic. It may be congenital or acquired. Various congenital and acquired disorders prevail in neonates, infants, children, and adolescents, and need to be distinguished. Medical history and age of the child, together with physical examination, often allow a presumptive diagnosis. Further tests may be necessary to establish a definite diagnosis, and flexible airway endoscopy is the diagnostic procedure of choice in most circumstances

Estridor es un sonido musical, de alta frecuencia, generado por el paso de un flujo de aire turbulento en zonas con calibre disminuido de la vía aérea de mayor tamaño.La causa del estridor puede estar localizado en cualquier lugar de la vía aérea extratorácica (nariz, faringe, laringe y tráquea) o la vía aérea intratorácica (árbol traqueobronquial). El estridor puede ser agudo (causado por inflamación/infección o aspiración de cuerpos extraños) o crónica. Puede ser congénita o adquirida. Varios trastornos congénitos y adquiridos prevalecen en neonatos, lactantes, niños y adolescentes, y tienen que ser distinguidos. La historia clínica, edad del niño y examen físico a menudo permiten un diagnóstico presuntivo. Puede requerirse mayor estudio para establecer un diagnóstico definitivo, y la endoscopia flexible de la vía aérea es el procedimiento diagnóstico de elección en la mayoría de las circunstancias

Análisis factorial exploratorio de una escala de gravedad de obstrucción bronquial evaluada en menores de tres años, Chile, 2015 / Exploratory factor analysis of a score for grading the severity of bronchial obstruction evaluated in children younger than 3 years old, Chile, 2015

Introducción. La escala de Tal modificada es utilizada en Chile para determinar la gravedad de la obstrucción bronquial. Existen informes de su validez; sin embargo, carece de antecedentes del análisis de su estructura como escala para cuantificar de forma significativa la gravedad de la obstrucción bronquial. Objetivo. Identificar el patrón de relación entre los ítems de la escala y la dimensión gravedad de la obstrucción bronquial en una muestra de menores de tres años que consultan en dos centros de salud de la provincia de Concepción, Chile. Método. Análisis factorial exploratorio. Selección no aleatoria y voluntaria de participantes, menores de 36 meses, agosto-noviembre de 2015. Evaluados de manera independiente por médico y kinesiólogo, en tiempo seguido. Se aplican medidas de tendencia central, análisis factorial exploratorio, por subgrupo de menores y mayores de 6 meses, y consistencia interna. Resultados. 204 mediciones a 102 menores. Con una varianza explicada de 39%, los ítems se dirigen a dos conceptos diferentes, un factor que agrupa frecuencia respiratoria, sibilancia y retracción, y otro que solo lo determina cianosis, con alfa de Cronbach de 0, 5. Al extraer cianosis del análisis, muestra matriz monofactorial con 38% de varianza total explicada y consistencia interna de 0, 62. Conclusiones. Por medio de sus ítems, la estructura de la escala no se ajusta adecuadamente para esta muestra. Cianosis se muestra como un ítem disociado en la estructura. Al ajustar el modelo a solo tres ítems, la estabilidad del alfa como medida de consistencia interna aumenta, pero a un valor cuestionable, lo que, sin duda, variará al ser aplicada en otra muestra.

Introduction. The modified Tal's score has been used in Chile to determine the severity of bronchial obstruction. Its validity has been reported already; however, its structure as a scale to significantly quantify the severity of bronchial obstruction has not been analyzed. Objective. To identify the relationship pattern among the score's items and the severity of bronchial obstruction in a sample of children younger than 3 years seen in two health care centers in the province of Concepción, Chile. Method. Exploratory factor analysis. Nonrandom, voluntary selection of participants youngerthan36months, August-November 2015. Participants were assessed independently and subsequently by a physician and a physical therapist. The following measurements were applied: central tendency, exploratory factor analysis, subgroups of participants younger and older than 6 months, and internal consistency. Results. A total of 204 measurements were done in 102 children. With a 39% explained variance, items incline towards to two different concepts: one factor groups respiratory rate, wheezing, and retractions, and the other determines only cyanosis, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.5. Once cyanosis is removed from the analysis, the original one-factor matrix sample shows a 38% total explained variance and a 0.62 internal consistency. Conclusions. Based on its items, the score's structure does not fit adequately to this sample. Cyanosis appears as a dissociated item within the structure. Once the model is adjusted to only 3 items, the stability of Chronbach's alpha as a measure of internal consistency increases but at an objectionable value, which will undoubtedly vary once it is applied to a different sample.

Estridor y dificultad respiratoria: aproximación neurológica: caso clínico / Stridor and dyspnea caused by a conversion disorder: a case report

Paradoxical vocal cord motion or vocal cord dysfunction is a descriptive term for an inappropriate adduction of the vocal cords during respiration, which can cause respiratory obstruction and stridor. It is associated with psychiatric conditions in the great majority of cases. We report a 23 year-old high performance female athlete, referred for a recurrent bilateral paralysis of the vocal cords, with a history of four intensive care unit admissions for severe dyspnea and stridor, which were treated several times with intubation and with tracheostomy on two occasions. Myasthenia gravis was suspected and she was treated with pyridostigmine and prednisone. She was discharged but despite the treatment, she presented new episodes of stridor and was readmitted six months later. This time the pharmacological treatment was suspended. The neurological study disclosed a normal brain magnetic resonance, normal cerebrospinal fluid analysis and a normal electromyography. A conversion disorder was suspected and the patient was successfully treated with psychotherapy.

Factores asociados a la sibilancia recurrente en lactantes de La Habana, Cuba / Factors associated to the recurrent wheezing in nurslings of Havana, Cuba

Introducción: en Cuba la prevalencia de sibilancia recurrente a nivel poblacional a edades tempranas es desconocida. Objetivo: identificar la magnitud y factores asociados en el lactante con sibilancia recurrente. Método: diseño epidemiológico transversal. Una muestra de 1956 niños entre las edades de 12 a 15 meses que viven en 4 municipios de La Habana fue seleccionada para su inclusión en el estudio. A los que se les aplicó por los investigadores un cuestionario validad internacionalmente y aplicado en el territorio nacional (ISAAC), con vista a obtener datos del primer año de vida. La sibilancia recurrente fue definida por la presencia de 3 ó más episodios. Resultados: la prevalencia de sibilancia recurrente fue de 20 por ciento. Los factores de riesgo de mayor importancia fueron: historia familiar de asma OR 1,89 (IC 95%:1,09-3,27), sospecha de alergia a picadura de insectos OR 1,75 (IC 95 por ciento: 1,09-2,80), antecedente de distress respiratorio al nacimiento OR 1,74 (IC 95 por ciento: 1,36-2,22) y el uso del paracetamol incluido el kogrip OR 1,40 (IC 95 por ciento: 1,14-1,73). Presencia de diferencias significativas del riesgo de sibilancia recurrente entre los 4 municipios luego del ajuste de factores de confusión. Conclusiones: la sibilancia recurrente fue identificada como un problema de salud en La Habana. Factores de riesgo modificables para la sibilancia recurrente fueron detectados en el grupo estudio, al igual que diferencias del riesgo entre los municipios. Hechos que debe tenerse en cuenta para la elaboración de futuras intervenciones(AU)

Introduction: prevalence of recurrent wheezing among Cuban infants is not known. Objective: Identify the magnitude and factors associated to recurrent wheezing in infants. Method: across-sectional epidemiological study was conducted of a sample of 1 956 children aged 12-15 months from four Havana municipalities randomly selected for inclusion in the research. A questionnaire validated internationally and used in the national territory (ISAAC) was applied to collect data about the first year of life. Recurrent wheezing was defined by the presence of three or more episodes. Results: prevalence of recurrent wheezing was 20 percent. The most important risk factors were a family history of asthma OR 1.89 (CI 95 percent:1.09-3.27), suspected allergy to insect bites OR 1.75 (CI 95 percent: 1.09-2.80), a history of respiratory distress at birth OR 1.74 (CI 95 percent: 1.36-2.22) and the use of paracetamol including Kogrip OR 1.40 (CI 95 percent: 1.14-1.73). Risk for recurrent wheezing showed significant differences between the four municipalities after adjustment for confounding factors. Conclusions: recurrent wheezing was identified as a health problem in Havana. Modifiable risk factors for recurrent wheezing were detected in the study sample. Risk differences were found between the municipalities. These facts should be considered when planning future interventions(AU)

Estridores laríngeos supraglóticos / Supraglottic laryngeal stridors / Estridores laríngeos supraglóticos

Toda obstrucción de la vía aérea se expresa por un estridor que será diferente según la localización de la obstrucción. El estridor es un ruido ocasionado por el pasaje de aire en forma turbulenta a través de una vía aérea con calibre disminuido. Cuando la obstrucción se ubica por encima de las cuerdas vocales el estridor será inspiratorio. Describimos diferentes patologías de la laringe supraglótica, congénitas y adquiridas, que presentan estridor en algún momento de su evolución.

An obstructed airway causes stridor. Stridor willbe different depending on the location of the obstruction. Stridor is a noise caused by the passage ofturbulent air through a diminished airway caliber. If the obstruction occurs above the vocal cords, itwill be inspiratory. We describe different pathologies of the supraglotticlarynx, both congenital and acquired, producingstridor at some moment of their evolution.

Uma via aérea obstruída provoca estridor. Estridor será diferente dependendo da localização da obstrução. Estridor é um ruído causado pela passagemdo ar turbulento através de uma diminuição do calibre das vias aéreas. Nós descrevemos diferentes patologias da laringe supraglótica, tanto congênitas e adquiridas, que apresentam stridor em algum momento de sua evolução.

Consenso chileno SER-SOCHINEP para el manejo del asma en el preescolar / Chilean consensus on management of asthma in preschool children

Preschool wheezing is one of the most common presenting symptoms in pediatric practice. The vast majority of these patients present wheeze triggered by viral respiratory infections and only a minority of them will have asthma in school age. The evaluation of these children begin with a detailed clinical history and physical examination and standard laboratory tests to rule out secondary causes of wheezing. The decision for controlling therapy will depend on the frequency and severity of the wheezing episodes, but should always be considered as a treatment trial, avoiding prolonged periods of time. It is recommended to start with low doses of inhaled corticosteroids, evaluating treatment effect with a close follow up. Inhaled bronchodilators remain the treatment of choice in acute exacerbations of wheezing, systemic corticosteroids should be reserved for severe exacerbations in hospitalized patients.

Las sibilancias recurrentes del preescolar es una condición frecuente a la que se ve enfrentado el pediatra. La gran mayoría de estos pacientes presentan sibilancias en relación a infecciones respiratorias virales y sólo una minoría de ellos tendrá diagnóstico de asma en la edad escolar. El enfrentamiento adecuado de estos niños se inicia con una detallada anamnesis y examen físico para descartar causas secundarias, lo que se complementa con algunos exámenes de laboratorio. La decisión de iniciar tratamiento de mantención dependerá principalmente de la frecuencia y gravedad de los episodios de sibilancias. Este tratamiento debe ser considerado como una prueba terapéutica, evitando su mantención por tiempos prolongados. Se recomienda el uso de corticoides inhalados en dosis bajas y realizar un seguimiento estrecho del paciente para objetivar la respuesta. En el caso de los episodios agudos los broncodilatadores son el tratamiento de elección, mientras que los corticoides sistémicos debieran reservarse sólo para los casos severos o que requieren hospitalización.

Asociación entre el índice de predicción de asma y el óxido nítrico exhalado en niños pequeños con sibilancias recurrentes / Association between the Asthma Predictive Index and levels of exhaled nitric oxide in infants ans toddlers with recurrent wheezing

Introducción. Es difícil identificar de manera temprana qué niños con sibilancias recurrentes desarrollarán asma en el futuro. El índice predictor de asma (API) es un cuestionario basado en parámetros clínicos y de laboratorio aplicado para este fin. La medición de la fracción exhalada de óxido nítrico (FE NO) se utiliza como un marcador de inflamación eosinofílica en las vías aéreas de los pacientes asmáticos. Objetivo. Determinar la asociación entre el índice predictor de asma y los valores de FE NO en menores de 3 años con sibilancias recurrentes. Materiales y métodos. Estudio observacional de corte transversal. Se incluyeron niños menores de 36 meses con tres o más episodios de obstrucción bronquial en el último año sin tratamiento previo con corticosteroides inhalados o antagonistas de los receptores de leucotrienos. Después de obtener los datos clínicos, se realizó la determinación de FE NO mediante un analizador de quimioluminiscencia mientras el paciente respiraba a volumen corriente (técnica on line). Resultados. Se incluyeron 52 niños de entre 5 y 36 meses de edad. Los pacientes con un índice (+) constituyeron el 60% de la población y presentaron valores de FE NO más elevados que los niños con un índice (-), mediana (rango) 13,5 (0,7 a 31) contra 5,6 (0,1 a 20,8) ppb, respectivamente (p <0,01). Se observó FE NO elevado (>8 ppb) en el 74% de los niños con API (+) y en el 26% de los niños con API (-) (p <0,01). Conclusiones. En el presente estudio se encontró una asociación entre los niveles elevados de óxido nítrico exhalado y un índice predictor de asma positivo en niños menores de 3 años con sibilancias recurrentes.

It is difficult to make an early identification of which children with recurrent wheezing will develop asthma in the following years. The Asthma Predictive Index (API) is a questionnaire based on clinical and laboratory parameters used for this end. The measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FE NO) has been used as a marker of eosinophilic airway infammation in asthma patients. Objective. To determine the association between the Asthma Predictive Index and FE NO levels in children younger than 3 years old with recurrent wheezing. Materials and methods. Observational, cross sectional study. Children younger than 36 months old with 3 or more episodes of bronchial obstruction in the past year who were inhaled corticosteroid-naive or leukotriene receptor antagonist-naive were included. After recording clinical data, FE NO was measured by a chemiluminescence analyzer during tidal breathing (online method). Results. A total of 52 children aged 5-36 months old were included. Patients with a positive API accounted for 60% of the population and had higher levels of FE NO than those with a negative API, with a median (range) of 13.5 ppb (0.7-31) versus 5.6 ppb (0.1-20.8), respectively (p <0.01). A high FE NO (>8 ppb) was observed in 74% of children with a positive API and in 26% of those with a negative API (p <0.01). Conclusions. This study found an association between high levels of exhaled nitric oxide and a positive Asthma Predictive Index in children younger than 3 years old with recurrent wheezing.

Função respiratória em filhos de mães asmáticas / Respiratory function in children of asthmatic mothers

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a função pulmonar e as manifestações clínicas sugestivas de asma em filhos de mães com diagnóstico médico referido de asma. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional transversal analítico aninhado a uma coorte de 4.757 parturientes. Foram avaliadas 86 crianças aos seis anos de idade, filhas de mães com diagnóstico médico de asma antes da gestação. Foram coletadas informações referentes a sintomatologias clínicas de atopias e doenças respiratórias, variáveis socioeconômicas e de exposição; tendo sido as crianças submetidas à espirometria. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 30,3% de alterações espirométricas, havendo predomínio do diagnóstico de asma nos que apresentaram padrão obstrutivo. Diagnóstico médico pregresso de asma ocorreu em 9,3% das crianças; contudo, o diagnóstico estabelecido a partir da presença e frequência dos sintomas de asma representou 18,6%. Das 86 crianças participantes, 37,2% tiveram um escore de cinco ou mais pontos no questionário ISAAC, estando isso associado à alteração do padrão espirométrico (p = 0,002). Após a regressão logística múltipla, maior escolaridade paterna, maior número de quartos no domicílio e o fato de a mãe não ter apresentado "chiado" durante a gestação foram estatisticamente significantes como fatores protetores para a presença de distúrbio ventilatório à espirometria. CONCLUSÕES: A frequência de alterações do teste espirométrico em filhos de mães asmáticas foi alta, com o padrão restritivo ocorrendo mais vezes que o obstrutivo. Houve uma maior ocorrência de exames obstrutivos naqueles que apresentavam sintomatologia clínica de asma, com uma frequência de diagnóstico clínico de asma superior à encontrada na literatura.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lung function and clinical manifestations suggestive of asthma in children of mothers with a reported medical diagnosis of asthma. METHODS: An observational cross-sectional analytical study nested in a cohort of 4,757 pregnant women. A total of 86 six-year-old children were evaluated, born to mothers with a medical diagnosis of asthma before pregnancy. Information was collected regarding clinical symptoms of atopy and respiratory diseases, as well as socioeconomic and exposure variables; the children were submitted to spirometry. RESULTS: Spirometric alterations were observed in 30.3% of cases, with a prevalence of asthma in those who had an obstructive pattern. 9.3% of the children had a previous medical diagnosis of asthma; however, the established diagnosis based on the presence and frequency of asthma symptoms was 18.6%. Of the 86 participating children, 37.2% had a score of five or more points in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire, which was associated with spirometry alterations (p = 0.002). After multiple logistic regression analysis, higher paternal education, higher number of bedrooms in the family's home, and mother who did not have "wheezing" episodes during pregnancy were statistically significant as protective factors for the presence of respiratory disorder detected by spirometry. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of spirometry alterations in children of asthmatic mothers was high; the restrictive pattern was more often observed that the obstructive. There was a higher incidence of obstructive test results in those who presented clinical symptoms of asthma, with a higher frequency of clinical diagnosis of asthma than that found in the literature.